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Part of the Series Guide to EconomicsIntroduction to Economics
Economic Concepts and Theories
Real World Economies
A market economy is a system in which production of goods and services is determined by supply and demand.
In a market economy, interactions between consumers and businesses determine what is available and at what price. This is in contrast to a command economy, in which a central government sets production levels and costs.
The United States is an example of a market economy. It has a central bank, the Federal Reserve, that attempts to influence the overall direction of the economy. It has a Congress that can pass legislation to boost economic activity or protect consumers. But the main driver of the economy is the law of supply and demand.
Market economies rely on the forces of supply and demand to determine the appropriate prices and quantities for most goods and services.
Entrepreneurs marshal the factors of production—land, labor, and capital—and combine them in cooperation with workers and financial backers to produce goods and services for consumers or other businesses to buy.
Buyers and sellers agree on the terms of these transactions voluntarily by agreeing on a price.
The allocation of resources by entrepreneurs across different businesses and production processes is determined by the consumer demand that they hope to create. Successful entrepreneurs are rewarded with profits that can be reinvested in future business. Unsuccessful entrepreneurs revise their products or go out of business.
The theoretical basis for market economies was developed by classical economists such as Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and Jean-Baptiste Say.
These liberal free market advocates believed that the “invisible hand” of the profit motive and market incentives generally guided economic decisions down more productive and efficient paths than government planning of the economy.
They argued that government intervention often led to economic inefficiencies that made people in general worse off.
Every economy in the modern world falls somewhere along a continuum running from pure market to fully planned. Most developed nations are technically mixed economies because they blend free markets with some government interference. They are still labeled market economies because they allow market forces to drive the vast majority of activities, typically engaging in government intervention only to the extent it is needed to provide stability.
Market economies may still engage in some government interventions, such as price-fixing, licensing, quotas, and industrial subsidies. Most commonly, market economies feature government production of public goods, often as a government monopoly. But overall, market economies are characterized by decentralized economic decision-making by buyers and sellers transacting everyday business.
In particular, market economies are distinguished by having functional markets for corporate control, which allow for the transfer and reorganization of the economic means of production among entrepreneurs.
Although the market economy is clearly the modern system of choice, there continues to be significant debate regarding the amount of government intervention considered optimal for efficient economic operations.
Most economists believe that market-oriented economies are most successful at generating wealth, economic growth, and rising living standards for a nation. But they differ on the precise scope, scale, and specific roles for government intervention that are necessary to provide the fundamental legal and institutional framework that markets need to function well.
Like the United States, most countries have primarily market economies. Keep in mind, however, that such economies are still influenced to some degree by government policies. This may take the form of laws setting minimum wage, subsidies for certain industries or sectors, and policies that prohibit the production and sale of certain products and services due to potential risks to consumers.
Among the some of the largest economies in the world, the following have primarily market economies:
Most modern nations considered to be market economies are, strictly speaking, mixed economies. That is, the law of supply and demand is the main driver of the economy. The interactions between consumers and producers are allowed to determine what goods and services are offered and what prices are charged for them.
That is, the law of supply and demand rules.
However, most nations also see the value of a central authority that steps in to prevent malpractice, correct injustices, or provide necessary but unprofitable services. Without government intervention, there can be no worker safety rules, consumer protection laws, emergency relief measures, subsidized medical care, or public transportation systems.
Capitalism and a market economy both are used to describe a system that allows the law of supply and demand, not a central government, to determine the production and prices of goods and services. Capitalism, as a political philosophy, maintains that production must remain in private hands and be motivated by the pursuit of private profit.
Most economists say that a market economy system is best able to deliver a high quality of life to most of its citizens. Its benefits include increased efficiency, steady economic growth, and motivation for innovation. Its potential downsides include the risks of monopolies, exploitation of labor, and income inequality.
A market economy is driven by the law of supply and demand. However, most modern economies could strictly be called mixed economies. That is, the government steps in as needed to alleviate problems or correct injustices. The real problem, for economists and for all citizens, is defining the degree of government intervention that is needed.
